# Self-Driving Car Engineer

### Finding Lane Lines on the Road

In this project, I will use the tools you learned about in the lesson to identify lane lines on the road. I will develop the pipeline on a series of individual images, and later apply the result to a video stream (really just a series of images).

### Pipeline will be constructed as follow:

1 Read in Colour Images
2 Convert Them to Graysclae
3 Apply Gaussian Blur to Remove Noise
4 Use Canny to Detact Edges
5 Find Region of Interest in The Images
6 Apply Hough Transform Line Detection
7 Consolidate and Interpolatethe Hough Lines and Draw Them on Original Images.
8 Try Apply The Pipeline to Process Video Clips to Find Lane Lines


Let’s have a look at our first image called ‘test_images/solidWhiteRight.jpg’. The 2 cells below will display the image.

## Import Packages

#importing some useful packages
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import matplotlib.image as mpimg
import numpy as np
import cv2
%matplotlib inline


#reading in an image

#printing out some stats and plotting
print('This image is:', type(image), 'with dimensions:', image.shape)
plt.imshow(image)  # if you wanted to show a single color channel image called 'gray', for example, call as plt.imshow(gray, cmap='gray')

This image is: <class 'numpy.ndarray'> with dimensions: (540, 960, 3)

<matplotlib.image.AxesImage at 0x7ff59bec8198>


## Ideas for Lane Detection Pipeline

Some OpenCV functions (beyond those introduced in the lesson) that might be useful for this project are:

cv2.inRange() for color selection
cv2.fillPoly() for regions selection
cv2.line() to draw lines on an image given endpoints
cv2.addWeighted() to coadd / overlay two images cv2.cvtColor() to grayscale or change color cv2.imwrite() to output images to file
cv2.bitwise_and() to apply a mask to an image

Check out the OpenCV documentation to learn about these and discover even more awesome functionality!

## Helper Functions

Below are some helper functions to help get us started.

import math

def grayscale(img):
"""Applies the Grayscale transform
This will return an image with only one color channel
but NOTE: to see the returned image as grayscale
(assuming our grayscaled image is called 'gray')
Then I will call plt.imshow(gray, cmap='gray')"""
return cv2.cvtColor(img, cv2.COLOR_RGB2GRAY)
# return cv2.cvtColor(img, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)

def canny(img, low_threshold, high_threshold):
"""Applies the Canny transform"""
return cv2.Canny(img, low_threshold, high_threshold)

def gaussian_blur(img, kernel_size):
"""Applies a Gaussian Noise kernel"""
return cv2.GaussianBlur(img, (kernel_size, kernel_size), 0)

def region_of_interest(img, vertices):
"""

Only keeps the region of the image defined by the polygon
formed from vertices. The rest of the image is set to black.
vertices should be a numpy array of integer points.
"""

# defining a 3 channel or 1 channel color to fill the mask with depending on the input image
if len(img.shape) > 2:
channel_count = img.shape[2]  # i.e. 3 or 4 depending on your image
else:

# filling pixels inside the polygon defined by "vertices" with the fill color

# returning the image only where mask pixels are nonzero

def draw_lines(img, lines, color=[255, 0, 0], thickness=10):
"""
NOTE: this is the function we want to use as a starting point once we want to
average/extrapolate the line segments we will detect to map out the full
extent of the lane (going from the result shown in raw-lines-example.mp4
to that shown in P1_example.mp4).

Think about things like separating line segments by their
slope ((y2-y1)/(x2-x1)) to decide which segments are part of the left
line vs. the right line.  Then, you can average the position of each of
the lines and extrapolate to the top and bottom of the lane.

This function draws lines with color and thickness.
Lines are drawn on the image inplace (mutates the image).
If we want to make the lines semi-transparent, think about combining
this function with the weighted_img() function below

"""

right_lane = []
left_lane = []

height, width, channels = img.shape
half_height = height # in other words, it is for keeping the position of y in the image

for line in lines:
for x1,y1,x2,y2 in line:

# compute slope of the lines
slope = (y2-y1)/(x2-x1)

if 0 > slope > np.NINF: # left line
left_lane.append((slope, x1, y1, y1 - slope*x1)) # for the first x,y pair, keep slope, x, y, intercept
left_lane.append((slope, x2, y2, y2 - slope*x2)) # for the second x,y pair, keep slope, x, y intercept
elif 0 < slope < np.PINF: # right line
right_lane.append((slope, x1, y1, y1 - slope*x1)) # for the first x,y pair, keep slope, x, y, interecpt
right_lane.append((slope, x2, y2, y2 - slope*x2)) # for the second x,y pair, keep slope, x, y, intercept

# find furthest line of the lane in the mid image
half_height = min(y1,y2,half_height)

# get to draw the left line
left_slope = list(np.mean(left_lane, axis=0))[0] # get left slope
left_intercept = list(np.mean(left_lane, axis=0))[3] # get left intercept
x_min_left = int((half_height-left_intercept)/left_slope) # get top x left
x_max_left = int((height-left_intercept)/left_slope) # get bottom x left
cv2.line(img, (x_min_left, half_height), (x_max_left, height), color, thickness) # create a left line

# get to draw the right line
right_slope = list(np.mean(right_lane, axis=0))[0] # get right slope
right_intercept = list(np.mean(right_lane, axis=0))[3] # get right intercept
x_min_right = int((half_height-right_intercept)/right_slope) # get top x right
x_max_right = int((height-right_intercept)/right_slope) # get bottom x right
cv2.line(img, (x_min_right, half_height), (x_max_right, height), color, thickness) # create a right line

def hough_lines(img, rho, theta, threshold, min_line_len, max_line_gap):
"""
img should be the output of a Canny transform.

Returns an image with hough lines drawn.
"""
lines = cv2.HoughLinesP(img, rho, theta, threshold, np.array([]), minLineLength=min_line_len, maxLineGap=max_line_gap)
line_img = np.zeros((img.shape[0], img.shape[1], 3), dtype=np.uint8)
draw_lines(line_img, lines) # call the function above to draw lines
return line_img

# Python 3 has support for cool math symbols.
def weighted_img(img, initial_img, α=0.8, β=1., γ=0.):
"""
img is the output of the hough_lines(), An image with lines drawn on it.
Should be a blank image (all black) with lines drawn on it.

initial_img should be the image before any processing.

The result image is computed as follows:

initial_img * α + img * β + γ
NOTE: initial_img and img must be the same shape!
"""
return cv2.addWeighted(initial_img, α, img, β, γ)


## Test Images

Build our pipeline to work on the images in the directory “test_images”
We should make sure our pipeline works well on these images before we try the videos.

import os
os.listdir("test_images/")

['solidYellowLeft.jpg',
'whiteCarLaneSwitch.jpg',
'solidWhiteRight.jpg',
'solidYellowCurve.jpg',
'solidYellowCurve2.jpg',
'solidWhiteCurve.jpg']


## Build a Lane Finding Pipeline

Build the pipeline and run our solution on all test_images. Make copies into the test_images_output directory.

Try tuning the various parameters, especially the low and high Canny thresholds as well as the Hough lines parameters.

# read file name from "test_images" directory
files = os.listdir("test_images/")
# set figure size as well as representation 3 by 2
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(8, 8))
columns = 2
rows = 3

for i, file in enumerate(files):
gray = grayscale(img)
gray = gaussian_blur(gray, 3)
edges = canny(gray, 50, 150)

imshape = img.shape
vertices = np.array([[(0.51*imshape[1], imshape[0]*0.58), (0.49*imshape[1], imshape[0]*0.58), (0, imshape[0]), (imshape[1], imshape[0])]], dtype=np.int32)
target = region_of_interest(edges, vertices)

lines = hough_lines(target, 1, np.pi/180, 20, 20, 300)
result = weighted_img(lines, img, 0.8, 1.0)

# add index of the image to the grid to show images
plt.imshow(result, cmap='gray')

r, g, b = cv2.split(result)
result = cv2.merge((b,g,r))

# write result
cv2.imwrite("test_images_output/output_"+file, result)
# print images
plt.show()



## Test on Videos

Now let’s drawing lanes over video.

We can test our solution on two provided videos:

solidWhiteRight.mp4

solidYellowLeft.mp4

import sys
!{sys.executable} -m pip install imageio-ffmpeg

Collecting imageio-ffmpeg
Building wheels for collected packages: imageio-ffmpeg
Running setup.py bdist_wheel for imageio-ffmpeg ... [?25ldone
Successfully built imageio-ffmpeg
Installing collected packages: imageio-ffmpeg
Successfully installed imageio-ffmpeg-0.3.0


# Import everything needed to edit/save/watch video clips
from moviepy.editor import VideoFileClip
from IPython.display import HTML

def process_image(image):
gray = grayscale(image)
gray = gaussian_blur(gray, 3)
edges = canny(gray, 50, 150)

imshape = image.shape
vertices = np.array([[(0.51*imshape[1], 0.58*imshape[0]), (0.49*imshape[1], 0.58*imshape[0]), (0, imshape[0]), (imshape[1], imshape[0])]], dtype=np.int32)
target = region_of_interest(edges, vertices)

lines = hough_lines(target, 1, np.pi/180, 20, 5, 2)
result = weighted_img(lines, image, 0.8, 1.0)

return result


Let’s try the one with the solid white lane on the right first …

white_output = '/images/Finding-Lane-Lines/test_videos_output/solidWhiteRight.mp4'
## To speed up the testing process you may want to try your pipeline on a shorter subclip of the video
## To do so add .subclip(start_second,end_second) to the end of the line below
## Where start_second and end_second are integer values representing the start and end of the subclip
## You may also uncomment the following line for a subclip of the first 5 seconds
##clip1 = VideoFileClip("test_videos/solidWhiteRight.mp4").subclip(0,5)
clip1 = VideoFileClip("test_videos/solidWhiteRight.mp4")
white_clip = clip1.fl_image(process_image) #NOTE: this function expects color images!!
%time white_clip.write_videofile(white_output, audio=False)

[MoviePy] >>>> Building video test_videos_output/solidWhiteRight.mp4
[MoviePy] Writing video test_videos_output/solidWhiteRight.mp4

100%|█████████▉| 221/222 [00:14<00:00, 15.59it/s]

[MoviePy] Done.

CPU times: user 3.17 s, sys: 319 ms, total: 3.49 s
Wall time: 16 s


Play the video inline, or if you prefer find the video in your filesystem (should be in the same directory) and play it in your video player of choice.

HTML("""
<video width="960" height="540" controls>
<source src="{0}">
</video>
""".format(white_output))


last edited: 10/06/19

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